Sao Tome - Mountains and Forests
.
There are several forest ecosystems in São Tomé and
Príncipe:
The Low Altitude Rainforest Zone (ranging from
sea level up to 800 m) has a significant number of
endemic trees. Within this area, four types of plant
formations can be recognized: "Secondary Forest",
mainly characterized by the predominance of exotic and
cultivated species and pioneer species with rapid growth
that become naturalized; "Shadow Forest", consisting of
wild survivor species from the original forest and species
introduced for a shadow effect on cocoa (Theobroma
cacao) and coffee (Coffea spp.) crops; the "Savannah"
is the edaphic and climatic formation that is located on
part of the coastline; and the "Mangroves", which are
distributed by the mouth of watercourses.
The Mountain Forest Zone occupies the entire area within an altitude from 800 m to 1,400 m. It is characterized by a change in the species composition, in relation to the less high altitudes, due to the decrease in temperature with the increasing altitude, higher rainfall and humidity, constant fogs and considerable mists, reducing light levels.
The Fog Forest Zone goes from an altitude of
1,400 m up to 2,024 m. In this zone predominate
typical endemic species, such as the country endemic,
and unique, gymnosperm, 'pinheiro de São Tomé'
(Afrocarpus mannii) and the 'giant lobelia' (Lobelia
barnsii). Orchids, ferns (within which the 'samambaias'),
mosses and lichens are also frequent, as well as an
abundance of epiphytes
Primary humid forest
São Tomé has a total surface of 85,700 ha, of which around 24,500 ha (28 %) constituted by primary humid forest (obó park).
Príncipe has a total surface of 13,900 ha, with 4500 ha (32.%) of virgin forests.
The primary humid forest in both islands generally extends over very mountainous terrain, that is difficult to access; for this reason it has remained intact. Also conservation and managment plans have been implemented.
Secondary forest- "Capoeira"
21% of the country is secondary forest, called "Capoeira". Most of these areas are abandoned cocoa and coffee plantations. The secondary forests end up being the target of illegal housing, agricultural conversion often generating land use conflicts. The continuous degradationof the soil due to the agricultural activities is aggravated by the lack of application of measures against erosion.
There are six categories of ecosystems that have been identified for São Tomé and Príncipe :
- Cloud forest ;
- Lowland forest;
- Secondary forest;
- Shadow forest;
- Savanna & dry forest;
- Mangroves
.
Videos
Protected Areas in São Tomé and Príncipe
The Natural Park "Obô" of São Tomé and Príncipe was established through Law 6/2006 to protect the vital forest areas surrounding Pico de São Tomé, covering approximately 19,500 hectares. This park plays a crucial role in conserving representative ecosystems, including forest, coastal, and marine environments.
Obô encompasses a discontinuous territory divided into three distinct zones:
- Central Massif: This area is primarily recognized as the main attraction of the Natural Park by most visitors. It features lush greenery, diverse wildlife, and numerous hiking trails, inviting outdoor enthusiasts to explore its unique landscapes and ecosystems.
- Malanza Zone: Located in the southern part of São Tomé, the Malanza Zone offers visitors a glimpse into the island's rich biodiversity. This area is primarily characterized by its coastal features, where mangrove forests provide crucial habitat for various marine species.
- Praia das Conchas and Lagoa Azul: This stunning region is known for its captivating beaches and vibrant lagoon. These coastal areas serve as important nesting sites for sea turtles and are vital to the marine ecosystems surrounding the islands.
The Obô de São Tomé forest reserve is notable for its lack of permanent human settlements, a consequence of its challenging topography, heavy rainfall, difficult access, and soil that is generally unsuitable for agriculture. These conditions have largely shielded the park from significant human impact. However, certain activities pose threats to this natural environment. Issues such as hunting, illegal timber logging, sand extraction from beaches, and the cultivation of palm trees for producing local beverages are increasing concerns.
.
Travel Advice & Individual Tours in São Tomé and Príncipe
Hi there! 🌴 Planning a trip to São Tomé? Let us introduce you to Günther Zeber, your local travel expert who lives amidst the beauty of São Tomé.
Günther takes the hassle out of your planning by organizing personalized tours and guiding you on the island. Got questions or need assistance? He's your go-to person!
Reach out to him today, and let the adventure begin!